Психология и Психотехника
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Дж. Роузгрант Бион, Юнг, Фрейд: сходство и различие психоаналитических концепций (перевод С.Н. Коняева и М.А. Султановой)

Аннотация: Настоящая статья американского аналитика Джона Роузгранта посвящена аналитическому обзору трудов ведущих теоретиков и практиков психоанализа — Биона, Юнга и Фрейда. Автор ставит целью выяснить то, что в их трудах общее, а что их резко отличает. В частности, он пишет, что Бион и Юнг одинаково предпочитают романтически/коллективистский подход в терапевтической практике, отвергая классически/ индивидуальный. В то время как Фрейд стремится пользоваться обоими подходами. Сам автор стоит на стороне Биона и Юнга, которые убеждены, что романтический метод, применяемый в терапии, мог бы дать больше возможности, чтобы вывести пациента из состояния застоя и помочь ему в его развитии. Фрейд, как и Бакан, настаивают на важном значении сочетания обоих подходов и для полноты человеческой жизни, и для терапии пациента. Отдельный раздел статьи автор посвящает архетипам Юнга, который считает, что архетип — это независимый источник энергии, спонтанный, объективно существующий неотличимый от богов. Фрейд и Юнг одинаково считали, что боги созданы проекциями духа (psyche). Но если Фрейд считал, что боги — это проекция желаний и страхов, накопленных человеком в течение жизни, то Юнг был убежден, что боги — это сверхличностная сила, не связанная с личным опытом, а исходящая из духа (psyche). Перевод: Rosegrant John. Why Bion? Why Jung? For That Matter, Why Freud? // Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association. 2012, august. № 60 (4). P. 721-745. Роузгрант Джон. Бион, Юнг, Фрейд: сходство и различие психоаналитических концепций // Ж-л Американской психоаналитической Ассоциации. 2012, август. № 60(4). С. 721-745. (С. 721-731 — перевод С.Н. Коняева, с. 731- 745 — перевод М.А. Султановой).

Ключевые слова:

психоанализ, Бион, Юнг, Фрейд, терапия, аналитик, пациент, архетипы, свободные ассоциации, коллективное бессознательное.

Abstract: The present article of a famous American analyst John Rosegrant is devoted to the analytical review of leading theorists and practical psychoanalysts Bion, Jung and Freud. The author aims at finding similarities and differences in their works. In particular, he writes that Bion and Jung both prefer the romantic/collectivist’s approach to therapy and deny the classical/individual approach. On the other hand, Freud tried to use both. The author of the article himself keeps up to Bion and Jung’s approach. Bion and Jung believed that the romantic method used in therapy could provide more opportunities for a patient to get out of stagnation and trigger his self improvement. Freud just like Bacan insisted that it was essential to combine both approaches both in one’s life and psychotherapy. Part of the article is devoted to Jung’s archetypes who believed the archetype to be an independent, spontaneous source of energy that existed in the reality and resembled ‘the gods’. Freud and Jung both thought that the gods (archetypes) were created by projections of one’s spirits (psyche). While Freud believed the gods to be projection of one’s desire and fear, Jung believed them to be super-personal force that does not relate to one’s personal experience but is created by psyche.

Keywords:

psychoanalysis, Bion, Jung, Freud, therapy, analyst, patient, archetypes, free associations, collective unconscious.


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Библиография
1. adorno, T.W., frenkel-brunsvvik, E., levinson, D.J., & sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Norton.
2. auden, W.H. (1939). In memory of Sigmund Freud. In Selected Poems of W.H. Auden. New York: Modern Library, 1958, pp. 54-58.
3. bach, S. (1998). Two ways of being. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8:657-673.
4. bakan, D. (1966). The Duality of Human Existence: Isolation and Communion in Western Man. Boston: Beacon Press.
5. bergmann, M. (1993). Reflections on the history of psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 41:929-955.
6. bergmann, M. (1997). The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 78:69-86.
7. bion, W.R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 40:308-315.
8. bion, W.R. (1962). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann.
9. bion, W.R. (1963). Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: Heinemann.
10. bion, W.R. (1965). Transformations. London: Heinemann.
11. bion, W.R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
12. bleandonu, G. (1994). Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works 1897-1979. New York: Other Press.
13. brown, L.J. (2009). Bion’s ego psychology: Implications for an intersubjective view of psychic structure. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 78:27-55.
14. casement, A. (2010). Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement. Journal of Analytical Psychology 55:35-49.
15. culbert-koehn, J. (2009). Classical Jung meets Klein and Bion. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 10:443-455.
16. dehing, J. (1994). Containment—an archetype? Meaning of madness in Jung and Bion. Journal of Analytical Psychology 39:419-461.
17. ellenberger, H.R (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
18. ellman, S.J., ED. (1991). Freud’s Technique Papers: A Contemporary Perspective. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
19. fairbairn, W.R.D. (1963). Synopsis of an object-relations theory of the personality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 44:224-225.
20. ferro, A. (2002). Superego transformations through the analyst’s capacity for reverie. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 71:477-501.
21. ferro, A. (2003). Marcella: The transition from explosive sensoriality to the ability to think. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 72:183-200.
22. ferro, A. (2005). Which reality in the psychoanalytic session? Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:421-442.
23. ferro, A. (2006). Trauma, reverie, and the field. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 75:1045-1056.
24. ferro, A., & basile, R. (2004). The psychoanalyst as individual: Self-analysis and gradients of functioning. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 73:659-682.
25. freud, S. (1907). Delusions and dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva. Standard Edition 9:7-95.
26. freud, S. (1911). Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. Standard Edition 12:218-226.
27. freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. Standard Edition 12: 99-108.
28. freud, S. (1912-1913). Totem and taboo. Standard Edition 13:1-161.
29. freud, S. (1915). Observations on transference-love. Standard Edition 12:159-171. freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Standard Edition 15/16.
30. freud, S. (1927). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition 21:64-145.
31. gedo, J.E. (1981). The air trembles, for demi-gods draw near. American Imago 38:61-80.
32. godsil, G. (2005). Reflections on death and mourning in relation to Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend. Journal of Analytical Psychology 50:469-481.
33. hillman, J. (1977). Correspondence. Journal of Analytical Psychology 22:59.
34. horne, M., sowa, A., & isenman, D. (2000). Philosophical assumptions in Freud, Jung, and Bion: Questions of causality. Journal of Analytical Psychology 45:109-121.
35. jung. C.G. (1911). Symbols of transformation. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 5. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
36. jung, C.G. (1916). Psychoanalysis and neurosis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 4, pp. 243-251. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
37. jung, C.G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 7, pp. 1-119. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
38. jung, C.G. (I934a). Archetypes of the collective unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part I, pp. 3-41. Princeton: Princeton Univesity Press, 1981.
39. jung, C.G. (1934b). The development of the personality. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 17, pp. 165-186. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
40. jung, C.G. (I934c). The practical use of dream analysis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 16, pp. 133-161. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
41. jung, C.G. (I938a). Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 75-110. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
42. jung, C.G. (I938b). Psychology and religion: West and east. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 11, pp. 3-105. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
43. jung, C.G. (1940). The psychology of the child archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 151-181. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
44. jung, C.G. (1944). Psychology and alchemy. In The Collected Works of C.G.Jung. Vol. 12. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
45. jung, C.G. (1951). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
46. jung, C.G. (1952). Synchronicity: An acausal connecting principle. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 8, pp. 417-519. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
47. jung, C.G. (1955). Mandalas. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 387-390. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
48. jung, C.G. (1955-1956). Mysterium coniunctionis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 14. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
49. jung, C.G. (1961). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Random House.
50. jung, C.G. (2009). The Red Book. New York: Norton.
51. kerr, J. (1993). A Most Dangerous Method. New York: Vintage Books.
52. kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. lombardi, R. (2008). Time, music, and reverie. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56:1191-1211.
54. McGuiRE, W, ED. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. meltzer, D. (1978). The clinical significance of the work of Bion. In The Kleinian Development. Perthshire: Clunie Press, pp. 270-396.
56. O’SHAUGNESSY, E. (2005). Whose Bion? International Journal of Psychoanalysis 86:1523-1528.
57. potik, D. (2010). Possessive objects and paralyzing moods. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 79:687-715.
58. rosegrant, J. (2001). The psychoanalytic play state. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis 10:323-343.
59. rosegrant, J. (2005). The therapeutic effects of the free-associative state of consciousness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:737-766.
60. sayers, J. (2004). Transforming at-one-ment: Speilrein, Jung, Bion. Psychoanalysis & History 6:37-55.
61. shamdasani, S. (2004). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. shields, W. (2009). Imaginative literature and Bion’s intersubjective theory of thinking. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 78:559-586.
63. slochower, H. (1981). Freud as Yahweh in Jung’s “Answer to Job.” American Imago 38:3-39.
64. stevens, V (2010). Bion, Klein, and Freud. In When Theories Touch, ed. S.J. Ellman. London: Karnac Books, pp. 521-540.
65. sullivan, B.S. (2009). The Mystery of Analytical Work: Weavings from Jung and Bion. London: Routledge.
66. summers, F. (2011). Psychoanalysis: Romantic, not wild. Psychoanalytic Psychology 28:13-32.
67. williams, S. (2006). Analytic intuition: A meeting place for Jung and Bion
References
1. adorno, T.W., frenkel-brunsvvik, E., levinson, D.J., & sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Norton.
2. auden, W.H. (1939). In memory of Sigmund Freud. In Selected Poems of W.H. Auden. New York: Modern Library, 1958, pp. 54-58.
3. bach, S. (1998). Two ways of being. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8:657-673.
4. bakan, D. (1966). The Duality of Human Existence: Isolation and Communion in Western Man. Boston: Beacon Press.
5. bergmann, M. (1993). Reflections on the history of psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 41:929-955.
6. bergmann, M. (1997). The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 78:69-86.
7. bion, W.R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 40:308-315.
8. bion, W.R. (1962). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann.
9. bion, W.R. (1963). Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: Heinemann.
10. bion, W.R. (1965). Transformations. London: Heinemann.
11. bion, W.R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
12. bleandonu, G. (1994). Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works 1897-1979. New York: Other Press.
13. brown, L.J. (2009). Bion’s ego psychology: Implications for an intersubjective view of psychic structure. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 78:27-55.
14. casement, A. (2010). Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement. Journal of Analytical Psychology 55:35-49.
15. culbert-koehn, J. (2009). Classical Jung meets Klein and Bion. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 10:443-455.
16. dehing, J. (1994). Containment—an archetype? Meaning of madness in Jung and Bion. Journal of Analytical Psychology 39:419-461.
17. ellenberger, H.R (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
18. ellman, S.J., ED. (1991). Freud’s Technique Papers: A Contemporary Perspective. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
19. fairbairn, W.R.D. (1963). Synopsis of an object-relations theory of the personality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 44:224-225.
20. ferro, A. (2002). Superego transformations through the analyst’s capacity for reverie. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 71:477-501.
21. ferro, A. (2003). Marcella: The transition from explosive sensoriality to the ability to think. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 72:183-200.
22. ferro, A. (2005). Which reality in the psychoanalytic session? Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:421-442.
23. ferro, A. (2006). Trauma, reverie, and the field. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 75:1045-1056.
24. ferro, A., & basile, R. (2004). The psychoanalyst as individual: Self-analysis and gradients of functioning. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 73:659-682.
25. freud, S. (1907). Delusions and dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva. Standard Edition 9:7-95.
26. freud, S. (1911). Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. Standard Edition 12:218-226.
27. freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. Standard Edition 12: 99-108.
28. freud, S. (1912-1913). Totem and taboo. Standard Edition 13:1-161.
29. freud, S. (1915). Observations on transference-love. Standard Edition 12:159-171. freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Standard Edition 15/16.
30. freud, S. (1927). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition 21:64-145.
31. gedo, J.E. (1981). The air trembles, for demi-gods draw near. American Imago 38:61-80.
32. godsil, G. (2005). Reflections on death and mourning in relation to Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend. Journal of Analytical Psychology 50:469-481.
33. hillman, J. (1977). Correspondence. Journal of Analytical Psychology 22:59.
34. horne, M., sowa, A., & isenman, D. (2000). Philosophical assumptions in Freud, Jung, and Bion: Questions of causality. Journal of Analytical Psychology 45:109-121.
35. jung. C.G. (1911). Symbols of transformation. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 5. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
36. jung, C.G. (1916). Psychoanalysis and neurosis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 4, pp. 243-251. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
37. jung, C.G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 7, pp. 1-119. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
38. jung, C.G. (I934a). Archetypes of the collective unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part I, pp. 3-41. Princeton: Princeton Univesity Press, 1981.
39. jung, C.G. (1934b). The development of the personality. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 17, pp. 165-186. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
40. jung, C.G. (I934c). The practical use of dream analysis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 16, pp. 133-161. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
41. jung, C.G. (I938a). Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 75-110. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
42. jung, C.G. (I938b). Psychology and religion: West and east. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 11, pp. 3-105. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
43. jung, C.G. (1940). The psychology of the child archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 151-181. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
44. jung, C.G. (1944). Psychology and alchemy. In The Collected Works of C.G.Jung. Vol. 12. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
45. jung, C.G. (1951). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
46. jung, C.G. (1952). Synchronicity: An acausal connecting principle. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 8, pp. 417-519. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
47. jung, C.G. (1955). Mandalas. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 387-390. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
48. jung, C.G. (1955-1956). Mysterium coniunctionis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 14. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
49. jung, C.G. (1961). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Random House.
50. jung, C.G. (2009). The Red Book. New York: Norton.
51. kerr, J. (1993). A Most Dangerous Method. New York: Vintage Books.
52. kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. lombardi, R. (2008). Time, music, and reverie. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56:1191-1211.
54. McGuiRE, W, ED. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. meltzer, D. (1978). The clinical significance of the work of Bion. In The Kleinian Development. Perthshire: Clunie Press, pp. 270-396.
56. O’SHAUGNESSY, E. (2005). Whose Bion? International Journal of Psychoanalysis 86:1523-1528.
57. potik, D. (2010). Possessive objects and paralyzing moods. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 79:687-715.
58. rosegrant, J. (2001). The psychoanalytic play state. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis 10:323-343.
59. rosegrant, J. (2005). The therapeutic effects of the free-associative state of consciousness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:737-766.
60. sayers, J. (2004). Transforming at-one-ment: Speilrein, Jung, Bion. Psychoanalysis & History 6:37-55.
61. shamdasani, S. (2004). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. shields, W. (2009). Imaginative literature and Bion’s intersubjective theory of thinking. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 78:559-586.
63. slochower, H. (1981). Freud as Yahweh in Jung’s “Answer to Job.” American Imago 38:3-39.
64. stevens, V (2010). Bion, Klein, and Freud. In When Theories Touch, ed. S.J. Ellman. London: Karnac Books, pp. 521-540.
65. sullivan, B.S. (2009). The Mystery of Analytical Work: Weavings from Jung and Bion. London: Routledge.
66. summers, F. (2011). Psychoanalysis: Romantic, not wild. Psychoanalytic Psychology 28:13-32.
67. williams, S. (2006). Analytic intuition: A meeting place for Jung and Bion