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Правильная ссылка на статью:
Paris C., Sindoni G., Di Sabato T.
Close Approaches of Debris to LARES Satellite During Its First Four Years of Operation
// Исследования космоса.
2017. № 4.
С. 286-299.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8817.2017.4.24976 URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=24976
Close Approaches of Debris to LARES Satellite During Its First Four Years of Operation /
Close Approaches of Debris to LARES Satellite During Its First Four Years of Operation
Парис Клаудио
Ph.D. in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, Research Fellow, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Member of the LARES Team of Sapienza University
00184, Италия, г. Rome, ул. Via Panisperna, 89/а
Paris Claudio
Ph.D. in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, Research Fellow, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Member of the LARES Team of Sapienza University
00184, Italiya, g. Rome, ul. Via Panisperna, 89/a
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claudio.paris2017@yahoo.com
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Синдони Джампьеро
PhD in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, Scuola di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Sapienza University of Rome, Member of the LARES Team of Sapienza University
00138, Италия, г. Rome, ул. Via Salaria, 851
Sindoni Giampiero
PhD in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, Scuola di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Sapienza University of Rome, Member of the LARES Team of Sapienza University
00138, Italiya, g. Rome, ul. Via Salaria, 851
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giampiero.sindoni@uniroma1.it
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Ди Сабато Томмазо
Doctor of Law, Deputy Director of Human Resources, University of Salento
73100, Италия, г. Lecce, ул. Viale Gallipoli, 49
Di Sabato Tommaso
Doctor of Law, Deputy Director of Human Resources, University of Salento
73100, Italiya, g. Lecce, ul. Viale Gallipoli, 49
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tommaso.disabato@unisalento.it
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DOI: 10.7256/2453-8817.2017.4.24976
Дата направления статьи в редакцию:
12-12-2017
Дата публикации:
01-02-2018
Аннотация:
Статья посвящена исследованию условий для обеспечения безопасного функционирования спутников на орбите Земли. На примере четырехлетнего функционирования геодезического спутника LARES (LAser RElativity Satellite) Итальянского космического агентства критически рассмотрены достижения и проблемы в области защиты от космического мусора. Особое внимание уделено анализу принципов международного права, связанных с предупреждением образования космического мусора на околоземных орбитах и защитой от него (Договор о космосе, Конвенция о международной ответственности за ущерб, причиненный космическими объектами). Указано, что главные направления международного сотрудничества в этой области направлены на мониторинг, выявление, каталогизацию мусора и обмен этой информации с международным сообществом. Спутник LARES предназначен для высокоточных измерений параметров своей круговой орбиты на основе системы наземных лазерных станций и не имеет собственной двигательной установки, позволяющей уклоняться от столкновений с комическими объектами. Его научная миссия - изучение эффектов общей теории относительности и решение задач спутниковой геодезии. Для решения поставленных задач использовались общенаучные методы и приемы исследования – анализ, синтез, обобщение, сравнительно-правовые подходы. Анализ опасных сближений спутника LARES с космическими объектами в процессе его функционирования позволил обнаружить две специфические зоны распределения каталогизированного мусора, а также выявил потенциально коллизионный характер существующих правил и процедур ответственности за ущерб от возможного столкновения спутника LARES с различными космическими объектами (действующие спутники, спутники, выведенные из эксплуатации, космический мусор). На основе действующих положений международного космического права предложено четыре возможных сценария определения юридической ответственности собственников таких космических объектов.
Ключевые слова:
Космический мусор, Космическое право, Спутниковая лазерная телеметрия, Общая теория относительности, Спутник ЛАРЕС, Пассивный спутник, Анализ рисков, Договор о космосе, Конвенция об ответственности, Европейское космическое агентство
Abstract: Since its launch in February 2012, the LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) of the Italian Space Agency experienced four close approaches with space debris. LARES orbits at an altitude of 1450 km, in a region where the density of space debris has a peak. However, the probability of an impact with a debris during the operational life of the satellite was reasonably low. The analysis of the close approaches identified three of the objects, that are from two peculiar population of objects. This paper discusses the problem of space debris in low orbit, the approaches occurred with LARES, and some possible scenarios related to space regulations and space law in case of an impact.
Keywords: Space Debris, Space Law, Satellite Laser Ranging, General Relativity Theory, LARES Satellite, Passive Satellite, Risk Analysis, Outer Space Treaty, Liability Convention, Europe Space Agency
Библиография
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References
1. A. Paolozzi, I. Ciufolini, A. Gabrielli, C. Paris, G. Sindoni, LARES Mission:Engineering Aspects, XXII AIDAA Conference, Napoli, 9-12 September 2013.
2. G. Sindoni, I. Ciufolini, F. Battie, A Monte Carlo analysis for collision risk assessment on VEGA launcher payloads and LARES satellite, Artificial Satellites, Vol. 51, No. 1, 4554, 2016.
3. G. Sindoni, E. C. Pavlis, I. Ciufolini, Orbital Data Analysis on LARES Satellite, AIDAA Congress, Turin, Nov 2015.
4. I. Ciufolini and J.A. Wheeler, Gravitation and Inertia, Princeton Univ. Press, 1995.
5. I. Ciufolini, E.C. Pavlis, J.C. Ries, R. Koenig, G. Sindoni, A. Paolozzi and H. Neumayer, Phenomenology of the Lense-Thirring effect in the Solar System: Measurement of frame-dragging with laser ranged satellites, New Astronomy, 17, 341, 2012.
6. B. P. Abbot, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration),Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, Physical Review Letters 116 (2016) 061102.
7. I. Ciufolini, A comprehensive introduction to the Lageos gravitomagnetic experiment: from the importance of the gravitomagnetic field in physics to preliminary error analysis and error budget. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 4, pp. 3083-3145, 1989.
8. B.D. Tapley, J.C. Ries, M.M. Watkins, R.J. Eanes, Simulation of an experiment to measure the Lense-Thirring precession using a second LAGEOS satellite, Appendix A of the NASA/University of Texas LAGEOS-3 Feasibility Study, B.D. Tapley and I. Ciufolini, Eds., September 1989.
9. I. Ciufolini, A. Paolozzi, LARES: A New Laser-ranged Satellite for Fundamental Physics and General Relativity, Actual Problems of Aviation and Aerospace Systems, 1, pp. 61-73, 1999.
10. DM Lucchesi, A. Paolozzi, A cost effective approach for LARES satellite, XVI AIDAA Conference, 2001.
11. I. Ciufolini and E.C. Pavlis, A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense-Thirring effect, Nature, 431, pp. 958-960, 2004.
12. I. Ciufolini, B. Moreno Monge, A. Paolozzi, R. Koenig, G. Sindoni, G. Michalak, E.C. Pavlis, 2013. Monte Carlo simulations of the LARES space experiment to test General Relativity and fundamental physics. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 30, 235009.
13. I. Ciufolini, A. Paolozzi, C. Paris, Overview of the LARES Mission: orbit, error analysis and technological aspects. Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 354, p. 1-9, 2012.
14. A. Paolozzi, I. Ciufolini, LARES successfully launched in orbit: satellite and mission description. Acta Astronautica, 91, pp. 313-321, 2013.
15. A. Paolozzi, I. Ciufolini, C. Paris, G. Sindoni, LARES a new satellite specifically designed for testing general relativity. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2015, p. 1-10, 2015.
16. A. Paolozzi, I. Ciufolini, C. Vendittozzi, F. Felli, Material and surface properties of lares satellite (conference paper). Proceedings of the 63rd International Astronautical Congress - IAC, pp. 6559-6565, 1-5 Oct 2012, Naples Italy.
17. A. Paolozzi, I. Ciufolini, F. Felli, A. Brotzu, D. Pilone, Issues on LARES satellite material. 60th International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2009, pp 5585–5591, Daejeon, Korea; 12-16 October 2009.
18. A. Bosco, C. Cantone, S. Dell’Agnello, G.O. Delle Monache, M. Franceschi, M. Garattini, T. Napolitano et al., Probing gravity in NEO with high-accuracy laser-ranged test masses. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 16, p. 2271-2285, 2007.
19. M.R. Pearlman, J.J.Degnan, J.M.Bosworth, The international laser ranging service, Adv.Space Res. 30, pp. 135-143, 2002.
20. I. Ciufolini, D.G. Currie, A. Paolozzi, The LARES Mission for Testing the Dynamics of General Relativity, In: Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, USA, 5-12 March 2003, Vol. 2, p. 693-703.
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22. I. Ciufolini, A. Paolozzi, E.C. Pavlis, R. Koenig, J. Ries, V. Gurzadyan, R. Matzner, R. Penrose, G. Sindoni, C. Paris,Preliminary orbital analysis of the LARES space experiment, Eur Phys J. Plus, 130:133, 2015.
23. I. Ciufolini, A. Paolozzi, R. Koenig, E.C. Pavlis, J. Ries, R. Matzner, V. Gurzadyan, R. Penrose, G. Sindoni, C. Paris, Fundamental Physics and General Relativity with the LARES and LAGEOS satellites. Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements, vol. 243-244, p. 180-193, 2013.
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25. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office, Satellite box score, Orbital Debris Quarterly News, p. 13, Vol. 20, Issues 1&2, April 2016.
26. D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke, W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf, Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris, ESA bulletin 109, p. 128, February 2002.
27. T. Schildknecht, R. Musci, W. Flury, J. de Leon, L. de Fatima Dominguez Palmero, Properties of the high area-to-mass ratio space debris population in GEO. 2005 AMOS Technical Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 5-9 September, 2005.
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